![]() ![]() As the vehicle passes your location, the siren or whistle's pitch lowers. You may have heard this effect from an emergency vehicle or train. As an object moves away from your location, sound waves are stretched, resulting in a lower frequency. The phase shift is similar to the "Doppler shift" observed with sound waves – sound from an object moving toward your location is higher pitch due to compression (a change in the phase) of sound waves. This phase shift is used to determine the velocity of the target. When the pulse hits a moving target, the phase of the returned wave is “shifted” or changed. When the radar transmits a pulse, it keeps track of the phase and amplitude (shape, position, and form) of that pulse. In addition to range information, the WSR-88D is a Doppler radar, meaning that it can determine velocity of a target. By calculating the amount of time it takes for a pulse to be transmitted, strike a target, and return to the radar antenna, the system can determine the range (or distance) of the target from the radar. This means that the transmitter sends out very brief pulses of radio waves rather than a continuous stream of waves. National Centers for Environmental Prediction.Preparedness and Mitigation: Individuals (You!).Preparedness and Mitigation: Communities.The Positive and Negative Side of Lightning.A process called Civilian Harm Incident Response Guidance (CHIRG) was set up in September last year, before the Gaza war, to make assessments of the use made of US armaments, and Israel’s military operations are under review, but the process is slow and does not commit the administration to taking remedial action. The state department has been vague about how much effort it is putting into assessing whether Israeli forces are committing war crimes. “We support Israel’s legitimate military campaign consistent with international humanitarian law.” We have provided military assistance to Israel because it is consistent with that goal,” Matthew Miller, the state department spokesperson, said. “We continue to support Israel’s campaign to ensure that the attacks of 7 October cannot be repeated. In defending its continued arms sales to Israel, despite ever more public misgivings about its conduct of the Gaza war, the administration has argued that they are part of the US’s basic commitment to Israel’s self defence. The December deliveries of tank and artillery shells also sidestepped congressional scrutiny because they were made under an emergency authority. The under-the-radar deliveries made by the Biden administration to Israel were additional to the three major military sales that were made public since the start of the war: $320m in precision bomb kits in November and 14,000 tank shells costing $106m and $147.5m of fuses and other components needed to make 155mm artillery shells in December. The state department office of the inspector general found that between 20, the Trump administration had made 4,221 below-threshold arms transfers to Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates, worth an estimated total of $11.2bn. “They’re very much borrowing from the Trump playbook to dodge congressional oversight,” Tolany said. She added that, in exploiting the loophole, the Biden administration was following the steps of its predecessor. ![]() “This doesn’t just seem like an attempt to avoid technical compliance with US arms export law, it’s an extremely troubling way to avoid transparency and accountability on a high-profile issue,” Ari Tolany, director of the security assistance monitor at the Centre for International Policy thinktank, said. ![]() The Arms Export Control Act makes significant exceptions for arms sales to close allies – a limit of $25m for “major defense equipment”, defined as big-ticket items that require a lot of research and development, but the limit rises to $100m for other “defense articles” like bombs. The White House spokesperson, Karine Jean-Pierre, declined to comment on the report on Wednesday. Few details are known of the sales, because keeping each one small meant their contents remained secret, but they are reported to have included precision-guided munitions, small diameter bombs, bunker busters, small arms and other lethal aid. The Washington Post reported that administration officials informed Congress of the 100 foreign military sales to Israel in a classified briefing. ![]()
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